A Comprehensive Review of Top-Loading Effects on Slope Stability: Load Magnitude, Distance, and Geological Heterogeneity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59675/E114Keywords:
slope stability, top building loading, numerical modelling, soil-rock heterogeneity, seismic loading, factor of safety.Abstract
Top-loading slope stability has now been a key issue to infrastructure development on or near slopes. This review will be a synthesis of the empirical, numerical, and analytical research studies that investigate the effect of top-building loads on slope response, especially the magnitude of the load, the distance between the slope shoulder and the load, and the heterogeneity of the load material. Top-surface loads are always noted as influential causes of slope instability in contemporary literature (2020-2023), which can change the possible slip surfaces, shear-strain patterns, and the factors of safety. Combining three-dimensional numerical modelling, parametric tests, and seismic factors prove that the magnitude of loads and the distance to the slope shoulder is a significant parameter of the potential to slip, the movement of the environment, and the safety level. Heterogeneity of rock-contents and geological variability have a great impact on the ultimate loading capacity and failure modes. Dual failure modes, namely, local foundation failure and global slope failure, require integrated assessment frameworks, under the combined effects of both the static and seismic loading. The synthesis highlights that geology-based, holistic and site-specific evaluations are critical in laying plans of buildings on or close to the slope.
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