AI-Driven Security Framework for Internet of Mobility Things: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Machine Learning Applications in Connected Vehicle Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59675/E323Keywords:
Internet of Mobility Things, AI security, federated learning, intrusion detection, vehicular networks, cybersecurity.Abstract
Internet of Mobility Things (IoMT) is the future of transport in a nutshell. It is a car mash-up that combines chat, self-driving technology, and intelligent road technology, utilizing high-tech communications. This article combines two methods to understand how AI can be used to make IoMT safe: a systematic literature review and hands-on experiments. We filtered 45 papers in 202025 and also tested machine-learning models on typical car information. The review featured such AI giants as deep neural networks, federated learning, and adversarial training. At the end of the data, campus area networks CAN bus attack data was proven to yield our convolution neural networks CNNs a 99.2% detection rate and a 0.58% false positive result. Fed-learning models made 97.8% correct with data confidentiality. Altogether, artificial intelligence AI introduces numerous benefits in terms of security; yet we continue to encounter limitations due to the limitations of computer power and the necessity to operate in real-time. We consider that the hybrid AI-plus-traditional model is the most suitable solution to IoMT security. This paper will help establish standard AI security systems for next generation connected mobility.
References
Musa AA, Malami SI, Alanazi F, Ounaies W, Alshammari M, Haruna SI. Sustainable traffic management for smart cities using internet-of-things-oriented intelligent transportation systems (ITS): challenges and recommendations. Sustainability. 2023;15(13):9859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139859
Elassy M, Al-Hattab M, Takruri M, Badawi S. Intelligent transportation systems for sustainable smart cities. Transp Eng. 2024;16:100252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2024.100252
Ahmad K, Khujamatov H, Lazarev A, Usmanova N, Alduailij M, Alduailij M. Internet of things‐aided intelligent transport systems in smart cities: Challenges, opportunities, and future. Wirel Commun Mob Comput. 2023;2023(1):7989079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7989079
Bedulli, F., Leite, R., Freitas, F., Murari T et al. Optimizing Automotive Product Development: Integration of Electronic Control Units and Virtual Prototypes Using Virtual Reality. Conf SAE Bras 2023 Congr. 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-36-0111
AlAbidy A, Zaben A, Abu-Sharkh OMF, Noman HA. A survey on AI-based detection methods of GPS spoofing attacks on UAVs. In: 2024 IEEE 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS). IEEE; 2024. p. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IS61756.2024.10705273
Chu K-F, Guo W. Passenger spoofing attack for artificial intelligence-based mobility-as-a-service. In: 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE; 2023. p. 4874–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422567
Vajrobol V, Saxena GJ, Pundir A, Singh S, B. Gupta B, Gaurav A, et al. Identify spoofing attacks in Internet of Things (IoT) environments using machine learning algorithms. J High Speed Networks. 2025;31(1):61–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09266801241295886
Li W, Wang N, Ma C, Xiang T, Zeng K. DroneMA: Drone Mobility Alignment Countering AI-Based Spoofing Attacks. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2025-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE; 2025. p. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM55648.2025.11044631
Imtiaz N, Wahid A, Ul Abideen SZ, Muhammad Kamal M, Sehito N, Khan S, et al. A deep learning-based approach for the detection of various internet of things intrusion attacks through optical networks. In: Photonics. MDPI; 2025. p. 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010035
Tahsien SM, Karimipour H, Spachos P. Machine learning based solutions for security of Internet of Things (IoT): A survey. J Netw Comput Appl. 2020;161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102630
Qaddoura R, M. Al-Zoubi A, Faris H, Almomani I. A multi-layer classification approach for intrusion detection in iot networks based on deep learning. Sensors. 2021;21(9):2987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092987
Reis MJCS. Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for Secure and Sustainable Green Mobility: A Multimodal Data Fusion Approach to Enhance Efficiency and Security. Multimodal Technol Interact. 2025;9(5):39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9050039
Malempati M, Balakrishnan P, Naveenkumar A, Kumar RS, Yadav OP, Koilraj T. Intelligent Mobility Solutions Utilizing Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Smart Transportation Networks. In: International Conference on Sustainability Innovation in Computing and Engineering (ICSICE 2024). Atlantis Press; 2025. p. 767–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-718-2_66
Yousseef A, Lin Y-Z, Satam S, Latibari BS, Pacheco J, Salehi S, et al. Autonomous vehicle security: Hybrid threat modeling approach. IEEE Open J Veh Technol. 2025;
Shah UM, Minhas DM, Kifayat K, Shah KA, Frey G. Threat Modeling and Attacks on Digital Twins of Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review. Smart Cities. 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8050142
Yousseef A, Satam S, Latibari BS, Pacheco J, Salehi S, Hariri S, et al. Autonomous Vehicle Security: A Deep Dive into Threat Modeling. arXiv Prepr arXiv241215348. 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3580538
Jnr BA. Artificial intelligence of things and distributed technologies as enablers for intelligent mobility services in smart cities-A survey. Internet of Things. 2024;28:101399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2024.101399
Jagatheesaperumal SK, Bibri SE, Huang J, Rajapandian J, Parthiban B. Artificial intelligence of things for smart cities: advanced solutions for enhancing transportation safety. Comput Urban Sci. 2024;4(1):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43762-024-00120-6
Micheal D. Secure and Intelligent Digital Environments: Leveraging APIs, IoT, Drones, and Machine Learning to Protect Critical Systems and Information Flows. 2025;
Ibitoye JS. Securing Smart Grid and Critical Infrastructure through AI-Enhanced Cloud Networking.
Qureshi KN, Din S, Jeon G, Piccialli F. Internet of vehicles: Key technologies, network model, solutions and challenges with future aspects. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2020;22(3):1777–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.2994972
Bagga P, Das AK, Wazid M, Rodrigues JJPC, Park Y. Authentication protocols in internet of vehicles: Taxonomy, analysis, and challenges. Ieee Access. 2020;8:54314–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981397
Huang W, Shi Y, Cai Z, Suzuki T. Understanding convergence and generalization in federated learning through feature learning theory. In: The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations. 2023.
Wang S, Lee M, Hosseinalipour S, Morabito R, Chiang M, Brinton CG. Device sampling for heterogeneous federated learning: Theory, algorithms, and implementation. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE; 2021. p. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488906
Menon UV, Kumaravelu VB, Kumar CV, Rammohan A, Chinnadurai S, Venkatesan R, et al. AI-powered IoT: A survey on integrating artificial intelligence with IoT for enhanced security, efficiency, and smart applications. IEEE Access. 2025;
Alakkari K, Ali B. Artificial Intelligence of Things: A Review. Babylonian J Internet Things. 2025;2025:113–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/BJIoT/2025/006
Singh V. AI-Driven Data Analytics for IoT-Based Urban Mobility Solutions. Comput Eng Technol Innov. 2024;1(2):114–21.
Anyonyi YI, Katambi J. The Role of AI in IoT Systems: A Semi-Systematic Literature Review. 2023;
Baptiste RA. Improving Security in the IoT Ecosystem of Autonomous Driving Vehicles. Bowie State University; 2025.
Sehwag A, Sahoo S, Pokhriyal A, Bhandari V, Agarwal A. Leveraging AI and ML Applications for Robust EV Information Security: A Review. Libr Progress-Library Sci Inf Technol Comput. 2024;44(3).
Alsadie D. Artificial intelligence techniques for securing fog computing environments: trends, challenges, and future directions. IEEE Access. 2024;
Sebestyen H, Popescu DE, Zmaranda RD. A literature review on security in the Internet of Things: Identifying and analysing critical categories. Computers. 2025;14(2):61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14020061
Abreu R, Branco F, Reis MJCS, Serôdio C. Cybersecurity in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Review of Automotive Security. IEEE Access. 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3584649
Gad AR, Nashat AA, Barkat TM. Intrusion detection system using machine learning for vehicular ad hoc networks based on ToN-IoT dataset. IEEE access. 2021;9:142206–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3120626
Arroyo Á, Granados D, De Miguel F, Velasco N, Herrero Á. Dimensionality Reduction and Outlier Analysis for the NF-ToN-IoT Cybersecurity Dataset. In: International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks. Springer; 2025. p. 392–401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02728-3_31
Bari BS, Puthal D, Yelamarthi K. Datasets in Vehicular Communication Systems: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects. SN Comput Sci. 2025;6(3):1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03736-5
Lampe B, Meng W. can-train-and-test: A new can intrusion detection dataset. In: 2023 IEEE 98th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Fall). IEEE; 2023. p. 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333756
Raza U, Kulkarni P, Sooriyabandara M. Low power wide area networks: An overview. ieee Commun Surv tutorials. 2017;19(2):855–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2652320
Ismail D, Rahman M, Saifullah A. Low-power wide-area networks: opportunities, challenges, and directions. In: Proceedings of the Workshop Program of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking. 2018. p. 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3170521.3170529
Chilamkurthy NS, Pandey OJ, Ghosh A, Cenkeramaddi LR, Dai H-N. Low-power wide-area networks: A broad overview of its different aspects. Ieee Access. 2022;10:81926–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3196182
Thakkar A, Lohiya R. A review on machine learning and deep learning perspectives of IDS for IoT: Recent updates, security issues, and challenges. Arch Comput methods Eng. 2021;28(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09496-0
Mohamed TS, Aydin S. IoT-Based Intrusion Detection Systems: A Review. Smart Sci [Internet]. 2022 Oct 2;10(4):265–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2021.1972914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2021.1972914
Tamara Saad Mohamed, Saad Mohammed Khalifah. Intrusion Detection Systems: A Revisit of Performance Evaluation Parameters. Acad Int J Eng Sci. 2024;2(01):15–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59675/E212
Shan H, He K, Wang B, Fang X. Road vehicles Cybersecurity system evaluation method. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing; 2020. p. 12054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1607/1/012054
Steiro M-H. Personal data and the concept of consent under the EU General Data Protection Regulation With focus on data processing in and from vehicles. UiT Norges arktiske universitet; 2021.
Aldhyani THH, Alkahtani H. Attacks to automatous vehicles: A deep learning algorithm for cybersecurity. Sensors. 2022;22(1):360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010360
Awad AI, Babu A, Barka E, Shuaib K. AI-powered biometrics for Internet of Things security: A review and future vision. J Inf Secur Appl [Internet]. 2024;82(March):103748. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2024.103748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2024.103748
Khan AR, Kashif M, Jhaveri RH, Raut R, Saba T, Bahaj SA. Deep Learning for Intrusion Detection and Security of Internet of Things (IoT): Current Analysis, Challenges, and Possible Solutions. Secur Commun Networks. 2022;2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4016073
Gecer M, Garbinato B. Federated learning for mobility applications. ACM Comput Surv. 2024;56(5):1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3637868
Du Z, Wu C, Yoshinaga T, Yau K-LA, Ji Y, Li J. Federated learning for vehicular internet of things: Recent advances and open issues. IEEE Open J Comput Soc. 2020;1:45–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2020.2992630
Belal Y, Ben Mokhtar S, Haddadi H, Wang J, Mashhadi A. Survey of federated learning models for spatial-temporal mobility applications. ACM Trans Spat Algorithms Syst. 2024;10(3):1–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3666089
Ali W, Din IU, Almogren A, Rodrigues JJPC. Federated learning-based privacy-aware location prediction model for internet of vehicular things. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2024;74(2):1968–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3368439
Alsadie D. Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Securing Fog Computing Environments: Trends, Challenges, and Future Directions. IEEE Access. 2024;12(September):151598–648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3463791
Tyagi AK, Mishra AK, Kukreja S. Role of Artificial Intelligence Enabled Internet of Things (IoT) in the Automobile Industry: Opportunities and Challenges for Society. In: International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Cyber Physical Systems. Springer; 2023. p. 379–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2550-2_28
Agbo O, Hefeida M, El-Wakeel AS. Hybrid-CNN Intrusion Detection Framework for CAN Networks in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J. 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2025.3582118
Alfahaid A, Alalwany E, Almars AM, Alharbi F, Atlam E, Mahgoub I. Machine Learning-Based Security Solutions for IoT Networks: A Comprehensive Survey. Sensors. 2025;25(11):3341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113341
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Engineering Sciences

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
