A Comprehensive Review of Top-Loading Effects on Slope Stability: Load Magnitude, Distance, and Geological Heterogeneity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59675/E114Keywords:
slope stability, top building loading, numerical modelling, soil-rock heterogeneity, seismic loading, factor of safety.Abstract
Top-loading slope stability has now been a key issue to infrastructure development on or near slopes. This review will be a synthesis of the empirical, numerical, and analytical research studies that investigate the effect of top-building loads on slope response, especially the magnitude of the load, the distance between the slope shoulder and the load, and the heterogeneity of the load material. Top-surface loads are always noted as influential causes of slope instability in contemporary literature (2020-2023), which can change the possible slip surfaces, shear-strain patterns, and the factors of safety. Combining three-dimensional numerical modelling, parametric tests, and seismic factors prove that the magnitude of loads and the distance to the slope shoulder is a significant parameter of the potential to slip, the movement of the environment, and the safety level. Heterogeneity of rock-contents and geological variability have a great impact on the ultimate loading capacity and failure modes. Dual failure modes, namely, local foundation failure and global slope failure, require integrated assessment frameworks, under the combined effects of both the static and seismic loading. The synthesis highlights that geology-based, holistic and site-specific evaluations are critical in laying plans of buildings on or close to the slope.
References
Huang X, Yao Z, Wang B, Zhou A, Jiang P. Soil-rock slope stability analysis under top loading considering the nonuniformity of rocks. Adv Civ Eng. 2020;2020(1):9575307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9575307
Didit M, Zhang X, Zhu W. Slope stability considering the top building load. Open J Civ Eng. 2022;12(03):292-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2022.123017
Zhou X, Cheng H. Analysis of stability of three-dimensional slopes using the rigorous limit equilibrium method. Eng Geol. 2013; 160:21-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.03.027
Raj D, Singh Y, Kaynia A. Behavior of slopes under multiple adjacent footings and buildings. Int J Geomech. 2018;18(7):04018058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001142
Wei W, Cheng Y, Li L. Three-dimensional slope failure analysis by the strength reduction and limit equilibrium methods. Comput Geotech. 2009;36(1-2):70-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.03.003
Badanagki M, Li F, Armstrong C. Comparison between newmark time history analysis and finite element method for estimating seismically induced slope displacement. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering; 2023. p. 171-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-104-3_16
Masoudian M, Afrapoli M, Tasalloti A, Marshall A. A general framework for coupled hydro-mechanical modelling of rainfall-induced instability in unsaturated slopes with multivariate random fields. Comput Geotech. 2019;115:103162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103162
Chen W, Wang D, Xu L, Lv Z, Wang Z, Gao H. On the slope stability of the submerged trench of the immersed tunnel subjected to solitary wave. J Mar Sci Eng. 2021;9(5):526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050526
Griffiths DV, Lane PA. Slope stability analysis by finite elements. Geotechnique. 1999;49(3):387-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.387
Duncan JM, Wright SG, Brandon TL. Soil strength and slope stability. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
Lacasse S, Nadim F. Landslide risk assessment and mitigation strategy. In: Sassa K, Canuti P, editors. Landslides - disaster risk reduction. Berlin: Springer; 2009. p. 31-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69970-5_3
Highland LM, Bobrowsky P. The landslide handbook - a guide to understanding landslides. Reston: US Geological Survey; 2008. Circular 1325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1325
Abramson LW, Lee TS, Sharma S, Boyce GM. Slope stability and stabilization methods. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2002.
Zhang LL, Zhang J, Zhang LM, Tang WH. Stability analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure: a review. Proc Inst Civ Eng Geotech Eng. 2011;164(5):299-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2011.164.5.299
Cheng YM, Lansivaara T, Wei WB. Two-dimensional slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium and strength reduction methods. Comput Geotech. 2007;34(3):137-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.10.011
Salgado R, Kim D. Reliability analysis of load and resistance factor design of slopes. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2014;140(1):57-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000978
Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1996.
Wang Y, Cao Z, Au SK. Practical reliability analysis of slope stability by advanced Monte Carlo simulations in a spreadsheet. Can Geotech J. 2011;48(1):162-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-044
Fredlund DG, Krahn J. Comparison of slope stability methods of analysis. Can Geotech J. 1977;14(3):429-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t77-045
Kokusho T, Ishizawa T, Koizumi K. Energy dissipation in surface layer due to vertically propagating SH wave. In: Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering; 1996. Paper No. 1662.
Cai F, Ugai K. Numerical analysis of the stability of a slope reinforced with piles. Soils Found. 2000;40(1):73-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.73
Chen Z, Morgenstern NR. Extensions to the generalized method of slices for stability analysis. Can Geotech J. 1983;20(1):104-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-010
Zheng H, Liu DF, Li CG. Slope stability analysis based on elasto-plastic finite element method. Int J Numer Methods Eng. 2005;64(14):1871-1888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1406
Xu B, Low BK. Probabilistic stability analyses of embankments based on finite-element method. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2006;132(11):1444-1454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1444)
Kramer SL. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1996.
Jibson RW. Methods for assessing the stability of slopes during earthquakes - a retrospective. Eng Geol. 2011;122(1-2):43-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.09.017
Bray JD, Travasarou T. Simplified procedure for estimating earthquake-induced deviatoric slope displacements. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2007;133(4):381-392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(381)
Newmark NM. Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Geotechnique. 1965;15(2):139-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.2.139
Dawson EM, Roth WH, Drescher A. Slope stability analysis by strength reduction. Geotechnique. 1999;49(6):835-840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.6.835
Tang H, Wasowski J, Juang CH. Geohazards in the three Gorges Reservoir Area, China - lessons learned from decades of research. Eng Geol. 2019;261:105267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105267
Li DQ, Jiang SH, Cao ZJ, Zhou W, Zhou CB, Zhang LM. A multiple response-surface method for slope reliability analysis considering spatial variability of soil properties. Eng Geol. 2015;187:60-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.003
Bjerrum L. Progressive failure in slopes of overconsolidated plastic clay and clay shales. J Soil Mech Found Div. 1967;93(5):1-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001017
Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH. Characterization of geotechnical variability. Canadian geotechnical journal. 1999 Nov 22;36(4):612-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-038
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Engineering Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
